Asthma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Asthma is a common long terminflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. Depending on the person they may become worse at night or with exercise.? See media help. Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. Endotoxin exposure can come from several environmental sources including tobacco smoke, dogs, and farms. Risk for asthma, then, is determined by both a person's genetics and the level of endotoxin exposure. Different individuals react to various factors in different ways. Both viral and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract can worsen the disease. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others. Figure B shows a cross- section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross- section of an airway during asthma symptoms. Diagram of asthma. Diagnosis. While asthma is a well- recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper- responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 1. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. If negative it means that a person does not have asthma; if positive, however, it is not specific for the disease. It may be useful for daily self- monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations. The classic symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Type 2 brittle asthma is background well- controlled asthma with sudden severe exacerbations. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 4. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers. There is negative skin test to common inhalant allergens and normal serum concentrations of Ig. E. Often it starts later in life and women are more commonly affected than men. Usual treatments may not work as well. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly. After the age of 6. COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long- acting beta- agonists, and smoking cessation. This plan should include the reduction of exposure to allergens, testing to assess the severity of symptoms, and the usage of medications. The treatment plan should be written down and advise adjustments to treatment according to changes in symptoms. If trigger avoidance is insufficient, the use of medication is recommended. Pharmaceutical drugs are selected based on, among other things, the severity of illness and the frequency of symptoms. Specific medications for asthma are broadly classified into fast- acting and long- acting categories.
In those with occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. If mild persistent disease is present (more than two attacks a week), low- dose inhaled corticosteroids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene antagonist or a mast cell stabilizer is recommended. For those who have daily attacks, a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids is used. In a moderate or severe exacerbation, oral corticosteroids are added to these treatments. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta- blockers, and sulfite- containing foods. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air, making it easier to receive a full dose of the drug. A nebulizer may also be used. Nebulizers and spacers are equally effective in those with mild to moderate symptoms. Few studies have been conducted on the effects of aerobic exercise in children with asthma, particularly on the inflammatory component and functional outcomes. This is an 18-session weight training program designed for beginners or weight trainers who have never used a formal program before. However, insufficient evidence is available to determine whether a difference exists in those with severe disease. For emergency management other options include: Oxygen to alleviate hypoxia if saturations fall below 9. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence is insufficient to support the usage of Vitamin C. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. At that time there was no effective treatment. Roosevelt's youth was in large part shaped by his poor health partly related to his asthma. He experienced recurring nighttime asthma attacks that caused the experience of being smothered to death, terrifying the boy and his parents. Its cause was considered to be psychological, with treatment often based on psychoanalysis and other talking cures. Archived from the original on June 2. Retrieved 3 March 2. Martinez FD (2. 00. European Respiratory Journal. Primary Care Respiratory Journal. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Scott JP, Peters- Golden M (September 2. NHLBI Guideline 2. Lancet (London, England). Lancet (London, England). Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. In Mason, Robert J.; Murray, John F.; Broaddus, V. Courtney; Nadel, Jay A.; Martin, Thomas R.; King, Jr., Talmadge E.; Schraufnagel, Dean E. Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine (5th ed.). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. ISBN 9. 78- 9. 3- 5. Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. European Respiratory Journal. Expert review of respiratory medicine. Asthma, health and society a public health perspective. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group. Contrast media : safety issues and ESUR guidelines. ISBN 9. 78- 3- 6. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N. Y.). Expert review of respiratory medicine. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Gold, D. R.; Wright, R. Annu Rev Public Health. Environmental Health Perspectives. Environmental Health Perspectives. Environ Health Perspect. International journal of andrology. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. European journal of clinical pharmacology. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. The European respiratory journal. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Current allergy and asthma reports. Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology : official organ of the International Association of Asthmology (INTERASMA) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Alergia e Inmunologia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD0. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Current allergy and asthma reports. Neu, J; Rushing, J (June 2. Clinics in perinatology. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 8. The clinical respiratory journal. Dermatology: 2- Volume Set. Arthritis & Rheumatism. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD0. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Choosing wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Retrieved August 1. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: CD0. Pinnock H, Shah R (2. Moore WC, Pascual RM (June 2. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. In Mary Anne Koda- Kimble, Brian K Alldredge; et al. Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Archived from the original on 2. August 2. 01. 0. Retrieved 2 September 2. Current Review of Asthma. London: Current Medicine Group. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. In Fauci, Anthony S; Braunwald, E,; Kasper, DL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (1. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 0. Pediatrics a competency- based companion. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. European Respiratory Journal. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |